What is PCOS?
PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) is a common hormonal disorder that affects women during their reproductive years. An estimated 5-10% of women have PCOS, making it one of the most prevalent endocrine disorders among women of childbearing age.
The main signs and symptoms of PCOS include:
- Irregular or absent menstrual periods - This is often one of the first signs of PCOS for many women. The lack of regular periods is due to irregular ovulation.
- Infertility - Due to irregular ovulation, women with PCOS may struggle with getting pregnant. However, infertility treatment options are available.
- Hirsutism - Increased hair growth on the face, chest, back, or other "male" areas of the body. This is due to elevated male hormones.
- Weight gain - Many women with PCOS struggle with weight gain and obesity, especially around the abdomen. This abdominal fat can further exacerbate hormone abnormalities.
- Ovarian cysts - Fluid-filled sacs in the ovaries. While ovarian cysts are common, women with PCOS get them more frequently due to irregular ovulation.
What causes PCOS? The exact cause is unknown, but it likely involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors that affect hormones and metabolism. Two key features are:
- Excess androgen - Elevated male hormones (androgens) like testosterone. This prevents the ovaries from releasing eggs regularly (ovulation).
- Insulin resistance - The body's inability to respond to normal levels of insulin, leading to higher insulin levels. This further increases androgen production.
How is PCOS diagnosed? There is no single test for PCOS. Diagnosis is based on a combination of:
- Medical history
- Physical exam
- Pelvic exam
- Lab tests (androgen and glucose levels)
- Ultrasound imaging of the ovaries
If symptoms suggest PCOS, your doctor will likely order tests to rule out other possible causes.
What is the treatment for PCOS? Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing long-term complications:
- Birth control pills - Helps regulate menstrual cycles and reduces male hormones
- Fertility medications - Improves ovulation to achieve pregnancy
- Weight loss - Even a 5-10% loss through diet and exercise can help restore normal hormone levels
- Metformin - An insulin-sensitizing drug used to treat diabetes that can also treat PCOS symptoms
- Other medications - Such as anti-androgens or statins may be used for more stubborn symptoms
In summary, PCOS is a common hormonal disorder of young women causing symptoms like irregular periods, infertility, hirsutism, and weight gain. While the exact cause is complex, treatment options are available to manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Catching and treating PCOS early is important for protecting long-term health.